Isazi ngebhayoloji uTom knight wathi, “Inkulungwane yama-21 iya kuba yinkulungwane yobunjineli bebhayoloji.Ungomnye wabaseki bebhayoloji yokwenziwa kunye nomnye wabaseki abahlanu beGinkgo Bioworks, inkampani yeenkwenkwezi kwibhayoloji yokwenziwa.Inkampani ibhalwe kwiNew York Stock Exchange ngoSeptemba 18, kwaye ixabiso layo lafikelela kwi-US $ 15 yebhiliyoni.
Imidla yophando kaTom Knight iye yatshintsha ukusuka kwikhompyuter ukuya kwibhayoloji.Ukususela ngexesha lesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, wasebenzisa iholide zasehlotyeni ukufunda ikhompyutha kunye neprogram kwi-MIT, kwaye emva koko wachitha amanqanaba akhe e-undergraduate kunye nesidanga kwi-MIT.
UTom Knight Eqonda ukuba uMthetho kaMoore wawuxela kwangaphambili imida yokulawula kwabantu iiathom zesilicon, waphethulela ingqalelo yakhe kwizinto eziphilayo."Sidinga indlela eyahlukileyo yokubeka ii-athomu kwindawo efanelekileyo ... Yiyiphi i-chemistry enzima kakhulu? I-biochemistry. Ndiyicinga ukuba ungasebenzisa i-biomolecules, njengeeprotheni, ezinokuzihlanganisa kwaye zidibanise phakathi koluhlu olufunayo. crystallization."
Ukusebenzisa ubunjineli bobungakanani kunye nokucinga okusemgangathweni ukuyila imvelaphi yebhayoloji ibe yindlela entsha yophando.Ibhayoloji yeSynthetic ifana nokutsiba kulwazi lomntu.Njengecandelo lezifundo zobunjineli, isayensi yekhompyuter, ibhayoloji, njl.njl., unyaka wokuqala webhayoloji yokwenziwa umiselwe njengowama-2000.
Kwizifundo ezimbini ezipapashwe kulo nyaka, ingcamango yoyilo lwesekethe yeengcali zebhayoloji iphumelele ukulawula ukubonakaliswa kofuzo.
Izazinzulu kwiYunivesithi yaseBoston ziye zakha i-Gene toggle switch kwi-E. coli.Le modeli isebenzisa kuphela iimodyuli ezimbini zofuzo.Ngokulawula ukuvuselela kwangaphandle, ukubonakaliswa kofuzo kunokuvulwa okanye kucinywe.
Ngaloo nyaka, izazinzulu kwiYunivesithi yasePrinceton zasebenzisa iimodyuli ezintathu ze-gene ukuze zifezekise "i-oscillation" yendlela yokuphuma kwi-signal yesiphaluka ngokusebenzisa ukuvinjelwa okufanayo kunye nokukhululwa kwe-inhibition phakathi kwabo.
Umzobo wokuguqula imfuza
Ucweyo lweeseli
Kwintlanganiso, ndeva abantu bethetha "ngenyama yokwenziwa."
Ukulandela imodeli yenkomfa yekhompyutheni, "inkomfa ezimeleyo edibeneyo" yokunxibelelana ngokukhululekileyo, abanye abantu basela ubhiya kwaye baxoxe: Ziziphi iimveliso eziyimpumelelo ezikhoyo kwi "Synthetic Biology"?Umntu ukhankanye "inyama eyenziweyo" phantsi koKutya okungenakwenzeka.
Ukutya okungenakwenzeka akuzange kubizwe ngokuba yinkampani "yebhayoloji yokwenziwa", kodwa eyona nto iphambili yokuthengisa iyahlula kwezinye iimveliso zenyama-i-hemoglobin eyenza inyama yemifuno ivumba "inyama" ekhethekileyo ivela kule nkampani malunga neminyaka engama-20 eyadlulayo.Kumacandelo asakhulayo.
Itekhnoloji ebandakanyekayo kukusebenzisa ukulungiswa kwemfuza okulula ukuvumela imvubelo ukuba ivelise "i-hemoglobin."Ukusebenzisa isigama sebhayoloji yokwenziwa, igwele liba "yimveliso yeeseli" evelisa izinto ngokweminqweno yabantu.
Yintoni eyenza inyama ibebomvu kakhulu kwaye ibe nevumba elikhethekileyo xa incasa?Ukutya okungenakwenzeka kuthathwa njengesityebi "i-hemoglobin" kwinyama.IHemoglobin ifumaneka kukutya okwahlukeneyo, kodwa umxholo uphezulu kakhulu kwizihlunu zezilwanyana.
Ngoko ke, ihemoglobin yakhethwa ngumseki wale nkampani kunye nesazi ngemichiza yezinto eziphilayo uPatrick O. Brown “njengeyona nto iphambili yokuthambisa” ukulinganisa inyama yezilwanyana.Ukukhupha le "seasoning" kwizityalo, uBrown wakhetha iimbotyi zesoya ezityebileyo kwi-hemoglobin kwiingcambu zazo.
Indlela yemveli yokuvelisa idinga ukutsalwa ngokuthe ngqo kwe "hemoglobin" kwiingcambu zesoya.Ikhilogram enye ye "hemoglobin" idinga iihektare ezi-6 zeembotyi zesoya.Ukutsalwa kwezityalo kubiza imali eninzi, yaye i-Impossible Food iye yavelisa indlela entsha: ukufakela umzila wemfuza onokuhlanganisa ihemoglobin ibe yigwele, yaye njengoko igwele likhula yaye liphindaphinda, ihemoglobin iya kukhula.Ukusebenzisa isifaniso, oku kufana nokuvumela irhanisi libeke amaqanda kwisikali seentsholongwane.
I-Heme, ekhutshwe kwizityalo, isetyenziselwa "inyama yokufakelwa" i-burgers
Ubuchwephesha obutsha bonyusa impumelelo yemveliso ngelixa bunciphisa ubutyebi bendalo obusetyenziswa kutyalo.Kuba eyona mveliso iphambili iyigwele, iswekile kunye neeminerali, akukho nkunkuma eninzi yeekhemikhali.Ukucinga ngayo, le yitekhnoloji ngokwenene "enza ikamva libe ngcono".
Xa abantu bethetha ngobu buchwepheshe, ndivakalelwa kukuba obu buchwephesha nje obulula.Emehlweni abo, zininzi kakhulu izinto ezinokuthi ziyilwe ukusuka kwinqanaba lemfuza ngale ndlela.Iiplastiki ezonakaliswayo, iziqholo, amachiza amatsha kunye nezitofu zokugonya, izitshabalalisi zezifo ezithile, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwekharbon dayoksayidi ukudibanisa isitatshi… Ndaqala ukuba nentelekelelo ebambekayo malunga nokunokwenzeka okuziswe yibiotechnology.
Funda, bhala, kwaye ulungise imizila yemfuza
I-DNA ithwala yonke inkcazelo yobomi ivela kumthombo, yaye ikwangumthombo wamawakawaka eempawu zobomi.
Kule mihla, abantu banokufunda ngokulula ukulandelelana kwe-DNA kwaye benze ulandelelwano lwe-DNA ngokoyilo.Kwinkomfa, ndeva abantu bethetha ngeteknoloji ye-CRISPR ephumelele i-2020 yeNobel Prize kwiChemistry amaxesha amaninzi.Le teknoloji, ebizwa ngokuba yi "Genetic Magic Scissor", inokukhangela ngokuchanekileyo kwaye isike i-DNA, ngaloo ndlela iqonda ukuhlelwa kofuzo.
Ngokusekwe kobu buchwepheshe bokuhlelwa kwemfuza, iinkampani ezininzi zokuqalisa ziye zavela.Abanye bayisebenzisela ukusombulula unyango lwemfuza yezifo ezinzima ezinjengomhlaza kunye nezifo zemfuza, kwaye abanye bayisebenzisela ukulima amalungu okufakelwa kwabantu kunye nokufumanisa izifo.
Itekhnoloji yokuhlela imfuza ingene kwizicelo zorhwebo ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba abantu babone amathemba amakhulu ebhayoloji.Ngokwembono yengqiqo yophuhliso lwenzululwazi yebhayoloji ngokwayo, emva kokuba ufundo, ukudibanisa, kunye nokuhlelwa kolandelelwano lwemfuza lukhulile, inqanaba elilandelayo lelokuyila ngokwendalo ukusuka kwinqanaba lemfuzo ukuvelisa imathiriyeli ehlangabezana neemfuno zabantu.Itekhnoloji yebhayoloji yeSynthetic nayo inokuqondwa njengenqanaba elilandelayo kuphuhliso lobuchwepheshe bemfuza.
Izazinzulu ezimbini u-Emmanuelle Charpentier kunye noJennifer A. Doudna kwaye baphumelele iBhaso leNobel kwiChemistry ye-CRISPR ngo-2020.
"Uninzi lwabantu luxakeke kakhulu yinkcazo yebhayoloji yokwenziwa ... Olu hlobo longquzulwano lwenzekile phakathi kobunjineli kunye nebhayoloji. Ndicinga ukuba nantoni na ephuma koku iqalisile ukubizwa ngokuba yi-synthetic biology."UTom Knight uthe.
Ukwandisa ixesha, ukususela ekuqaleni koluntu lwezolimo, abantu baye bahlola kwaye bagcina iimpawu zezilwanyana kunye nezityalo abazifunayo ngokuzalanisa ixesha elide kunye nokukhethwa.Ibhayoloji yeSynthetic iqala ngokuthe ngqo kwinqanaba lemfuza ukuvelisa iimpawu ezifunwa ngabantu.Okwangoku, izazinzulu zisebenzise iteknoloji ye-CRISPR ukukhulisa irayisi kwibhubhoratri.
Omnye wabaququzeleli bale nkomfa, uMseki weQiji uLu Qi uthe kwividiyo yokuvula ukuba i-biotechnology inokuzisa utshintsho olubanzi kwihlabathi kanye njengetekhnoloji ye-Intanethi yangaphambili.Oku kubonakala kuqinisekisa ukuba ii-CEO ze-Intanethi zonke zibonakalise umdla kwisayensi yobomi xa zirhoxa.
Izikhulu ze-Intanethi zonke zithathele ingqalelo.Ngaba imeko yeshishini yesayensi yobomi iyeza ekugqibeleni?
UTom Knight (wokuqala ukusuka ekhohlo) kunye nabanye abane abaseki beGinkgo Bioworks |Ginkgo Bioworks
Ngexesha lesidlo sasemini, ndeva isiqwenga seendaba: I-Unilever yathi nge-2 kaSeptemba iza kutyala imali eyibhiliyoni ye-euro ukuphelisa amafutha efosili kwizinto ezicocekileyo zemveliso ngo-2030.
Kwisithuba seminyaka eli-10, isicoci sempahla yokuhlamba impahla, umgubo wokuvasa, kunye neemveliso zesepha eziveliswe yiProcter & Gamble ziya kwamkela ngokuthe ngcembe imathiriyeli ekrwada yezityalo okanye itekhnoloji yokubanjwa kwekhabhoni.Inkampani iphinde yabekela bucala enye i-euro eyi-1 yebhiliyoni ukuseka ingxowa-mali yokuxhasa uphando nge-biotechnology, i-carbon dioxide kunye nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni.
Abantu abandixelele ezi ndaba, njengam abava iindaba, bamangaliswa kancinane kwixesha elingaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-10: Ngaba uphando lwezobuchwepheshe kunye nophuhliso lwemveliso yobuninzi luya kuzaliseka ngokukhawuleza?
Kodwa ndiyathemba ukuba iya kuzaliseka.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-31-2021