Isazi ngebhayoloji yokwenziwa kwezinto uTom Knight uthe, "Inkulungwane yama-21 iya kuba yinkulungwane yebhayoloji yobunjineli." Ungomnye wabasunguli bebhayoloji yokwenziwa kwezinto kunye nomnye wabasunguli abahlanu beGinkgo Bioworks, inkampani ebalaseleyo kwibhayoloji yokwenziwa kwezinto. Le nkampani yadweliswa kwiNew York Stock Exchange nge-18 kaSeptemba, kwaye ixabiso layo lafikelela kwi-US $15 yeebhiliyoni.
Izinto uTom Knight anomdla kuzo kuphando ziye zatshintsha ukusuka kwikhompyutha ukuya kwibhayoloji. Ukususela ngexesha lesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, wayesebenzisa iholide zasehlotyeni ukufunda ikhompyutha kunye neprogram eMIT, waza wachitha amanqanaba akhe e-undergraduate kunye ne-graduate eMIT.
UTom Knight Eqonda ukuba uMthetho kaMoore uxela kwangaphambili imida yokuphathwa kweeathom zesilicon ngabantu, wajika ingqalelo yakhe kwizinto eziphilayo. "Sifuna indlela eyahlukileyo yokubeka iiathom kwindawo efanelekileyo... Yeyiphi ikhemistri eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu? Yi-biochemistry. Ndicinga ukuba ungasebenzisa ii-biomolecules, ezifana neeproteni, ezinokuzihlanganisa ngokwazo kwaye zihlangane ngaphakathi koluhlu olufunekayo. i-crystallization."
Ukusebenzisa ubunjineli bokucinga ngobungakanani kunye nomgangatho ukuyila izinto zokuqala zebhayoloji kuye kwaba yindlela entsha yophando. Ibhayoloji yokwenziwa ifana nokunyuka kolwazi lwabantu. Njengecandelo lobunjineli elibandakanya izifundo ezahlukeneyo, isayensi yekhompyutha, ibhayoloji, njl.njl., unyaka wokuqala webhayoloji yokwenziwa umiselwe njengo-2000.
Kwizifundo ezimbini ezipapashwe kulo nyaka, ingcamango yoyilo lwesekethe yeengcali zebhayoloji ifikelele kulawulo lokubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo.
Izazinzulu kwiYunivesithi yaseBoston zenze i-Gene toggle switch kwi-E. coli. Le modeli isebenzisa iimodyuli ezimbini ze-gene kuphela. Ngokulawula izinto zangaphandle, ukubonakaliswa kwe-gene kungavulwa okanye kucinywe.
Kwangaloo nyaka mnye, izazinzulu kwiYunivesithi yasePrinceton zisebenzise iimodyuli ezintathu zezakhi zofuzo ukufezekisa isiphumo sendlela "yokujikeleza" kwisignali yesekethe ngokusebenzisa ukuthintelwa kunye nokukhululwa kokuthintelwa phakathi kwazo.
Umzobo wokutshintsha i-Gene toggle
Indawo yokusebenzela iiSeli
Kwintlanganiso, ndeva abantu bethetha "ngenyama yokwenziwa."
Belandela imodeli yenkomfa yekhompyutha, "ingqungquthela ezizilungiselelayo ze-unconference" yonxibelelwano lwasimahla, abanye abantu basela ubhiya baze bancokole: Zeziphi iimveliso eziphumelelayo ezikhoyo kwi-"Synthetic Biology"? Omnye umntu ukhankanye "inyama yokwenziwa" phantsi kwesihloko esithi Impossible Food.
I-Impossible Food ayizange izibize ngokuba yinkampani "yebhayoloji yokwenziwa", kodwa eyona nto iphambili ethengiswayo eyahlula kwezinye iimveliso zenyama yokwenziwa-i-hemoglobin eyenza inyama yemifuno ivumba "inyama" ekhethekileyo ivela kule nkampani kwiminyaka engama-20 eyadlulayo. Yeengcali ezintsha.
Itekhnoloji ebandakanyekayo kukusebenzisa ukuhlelwa kwezakhi zofuzo okulula ukuvumela igwele ukuba livelise "i-hemoglobin." Ukuze kusetyenziswe isigama sebhayoloji yokwenziwa, igwele liba "yifektri yeseli" evelisa izinto ngokweminqweno yabantu.
Yintoni eyenza inyama ibe bomvu kangaka kwaye ibe nevumba elikhethekileyo xa inencasa? I-Impossible Food ithathwa njenge-"hemoglobin" etyebileyo enyameni. I-hemoglobin ifumaneka kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zokutya, kodwa umxholo wayo uphezulu kakhulu kwimisipha yezilwanyana.
Ngoko ke, i-hemoglobin yakhethwa ngumsunguli wale nkampani kunye nesazinzulu sebhayoloji uPatrick O. Brown njenge "sinongo esibalulekileyo" sokulinganisa inyama yesilwanyana. Ekhupha esi "sinongo" kwizityalo, uBrown wakhetha iisoya ezityebileyo kwi-hemoglobin ezingcanjini zazo.
Indlela yemveli yokuvelisa ifuna ukukhutshwa ngokuthe ngqo kwe-"hemoglobin" kwiingcambu zesoya. Ikhilogram enye ye-"hemoglobin" ifuna iihektare ezi-6 zesoya. Ukukhutshwa kwezityalo kuyabiza, kwaye i-Impossible Food iphuhlise indlela entsha: ukufaka i-gene enokuhlanganisa i-hemoglobin kwi-yeast, kwaye njengoko i-yeast ikhula kwaye iphindaphinda, i-hemoglobin iya kukhula. Ukusebenzisa umzekelo, oku kufana nokuvumela i-goose ibeke amaqanda ngokwezinga leentsholongwane ezincinci.
IHeme, ekhutshwa kwizityalo, isetyenziswa kwiiburger "zenyama yokwenziwa"
Ubuchwepheshe obutsha bunyusa ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso ngelixa bunciphisa izixhobo zendalo ezisetyenziswa kukutyalwa. Ekubeni izixhobo eziphambili zemveliso ziyimvubelo, iswekile, kunye neeminerali, akukho nkunkuma ingako yeekhemikhali. Xa ucinga ngayo, le yiteknoloji "eyenza ikamva libe ngcono".
Xa abantu bethetha ngale teknoloji, ndivakalelwa kukuba le yiteknoloji elula nje. Emehlweni abo, kukho izinto ezininzi kakhulu ezinokwenziwa ukusuka kwinqanaba lemfuza ngale ndlela. Iiplastiki ezibolayo, iziqholo, amayeza amatsha kunye neegonyo, izibulali-zinambuzane zezifo ezithile, kwanokusetyenziswa kwekhabhoni diokside ukwenza istatshi… Ndaqala ukuba nemibono ethile malunga namathuba aziswa yi-biotechnology.
Funda, ubhale, kwaye utshintshe iijini
I-DNA ithwala lonke ulwazi ngobomi oluvela kumthombo, kwaye ikwangumthombo wamawaka eempawu zobomi.
Kule mihla, abantu banokufunda ngokulula ulandelelwano lwe-DNA baze badibanise ulandelelwano lwe-DNA ngokwendlela abayilwe ngayo. Kwinkomfa, ndive abantu bethetha ngetekhnoloji ye-CRISPR eyaphumelela iMbasa yeNobel kwiKhemistri ka-2020 amaxesha amaninzi. Le teknoloji, ebizwa ngokuba yi-"Genetic Magic Scissor", inokufumana ngokuchanekileyo kwaye isike i-DNA, ngaloo ndlela ifezekisa ukuhlelwa kwe-gene.
Ngokusekelwe kobu buchwepheshe bokuhlela izakhi zofuzo, kuye kwavela iinkampani ezininzi ezintsha. Ezinye ziyisebenzisa ukusombulula unyango lwezakhi zofuzo kwizifo ezinzima ezifana nomhlaza kunye nezifo zezakhi zofuzo, kwaye ezinye ziyisebenzisela ukukhulisa amalungu omzimba okufakelwa ebantwini kunye nokubona izifo.
Itekhnoloji yokuhlela izakhi zofuzo ingene ngokukhawuleza kwizicelo zorhwebo kangangokuba abantu babona amathuba amakhulu e-biotechnology. Ngokwembono yophuhliso lwengqiqo ye-biotechnology ngokwayo, emva kokuba ukufunda, ukuhlanganiswa, kunye nokuhlela ulandelelwano lwezakhi zofuzo kuvuthiwe, inqanaba elilandelayo kukuyila ngokwendalo ukusuka kwinqanaba lezakhi zofuzo ukuvelisa izixhobo ezihlangabezana neemfuno zabantu. Itekhnoloji yebhayoloji yokwenziwa inokuqondakala njengenqanaba elilandelayo kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yezakhi zofuzo.
Izazinzulu ezimbini uEmmanuelle Charpentier kunye noJennifer A. Doudna kwaye baphumelele iMbasa yeNobel ka-2020 kwiKhemistri kwitekhnoloji yeCRISPR.
"Abantu abaninzi bebesoloko becinga ngentsingiselo yebhayoloji yokwenziwa... Olu hlobo lokungqubana lwenzekile phakathi kobunjineli kunye nebhayoloji. Ndicinga ukuba nantoni na ephuma koku iqalile ukubizwa ngokuba yibhayoloji yokwenziwa." utshilo uTom Knight.
Ukwandisa ixesha, ukususela ekuqaleni koluntu lwezolimo, abantu baye bahlola baza bagcina iimpawu zezilwanyana nezityalo abazifunayo ngokuzalanisa ixesha elide kunye nokukhetha. Ibhayoloji yokwenziwa iqala ngqo kwinqanaba lezakhi zofuzo ukuvelisa iimpawu ezifunwa ngabantu. Okwangoku, izazinzulu zisebenzise iteknoloji yeCRISPR ukukhulisa irayisi kwilebhu.
Omnye wabaququzeleli bale ngqungquthela, uMseki weQiji uLu Qi uthe kwividiyo yokuvula ukuba i-biotechnology inokuzisa utshintsho olukhulu kwihlabathi njengeteknoloji ye-intanethi yangaphambili. Oku kubonakala kuqinisekisa ukuba ii-CEO ze-intanethi zonke zibonakalise umdla kwisayensi yobomi xa bezishiya.
Abantu abadumileyo kwi-intanethi bonke banomdla. Ngaba indlela yeshishini lesayensi yobomi ifikile ekugqibeleni?
UTom Knight (owokuqala ukusuka ekhohlo) kunye nabanye abasunguli abane beGinkgo Bioworks | Ginkgo Bioworks
Ngexesha lesidlo sasemini, ndeva iindaba: I-Unilever ithe nge-2 kaSeptemba ukuba iza kutyala imali eyi-1 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ukuze kupheliswe ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha efosili kwimveliso ecocekileyo ngo-2030.
Kwiminyaka eli-10 ezayo, isepha yokuhlamba impahla, umgubo wokuhlamba impahla, kunye neemveliso zesepha eziveliswe yiProcter & Gamble ziya kusebenzisa kancinci kancinci izinto eziluhlaza zezityalo okanye iteknoloji yokubamba ikhabhoni. Le nkampani ikwabeke ecaleni enye i-1 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ukuseta ingxowa-mali yokuxhasa uphando nge-biotechnology, ikhabhoni diokside kunye nezinye iiteknoloji zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni.
Abantu abandixelele ezi ndaba, njengam endizivileyo ezi ndaba, bamangaliswa kancinci lixesha elingaphantsi kweminyaka eli-10: Ngaba uphando lwetekhnoloji kunye nophuhliso ukuya kwimveliso enkulu luza kuphunyezwa ngokupheleleyo kungekudala?
Kodwa ndiyathemba ukuba kuza kwenzeka.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Disemba-31-2021